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my SWOT Essay Essay Example

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Literary Tourism On Off the C.S. Lewis Trail in Belfast, Northern Ireland

Literary Tourism On Off the C.S. Lewis Trail in Belfast, Northern Ireland The C.S. Lewis Trail in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is a self-guided walk taking fans of this literary giant through his childhood haunts and exhibitions on his life. For Lewis-themed tourism, most people head to Oxford, England, but the man who brought us The Chronicles of Narnia  and countless Christian apologetic works is actually an Irishman by birth. Clive Staples Lewis was born in east Belfast on November 29, 1898, in what is now Northern Ireland. Though a self-proclaimed Lewis fan, I didn’t know this until I studied abroad at Queen’s University Belfast in the fall of 2014. With the help of the Connswater Greenway C.S. Lewis Trail map, my QUB library card, and some internet research, I tracked down the top Lewis spots in Belfast during the annual C.S. Lewis Festival that November. From his birthplace, to his childhood home, to the numerous Lewis memorials around the city. To help you on your own literary explorations in Belfast, Ive compiled this detailed guide and a  Google map itinerary of the top spots on and off the official C.S. Lewis Trail in Belfast. Hop on bus lines 3 or 4 from the city centre and tell the driver you’d like to stop at the Holywood Arches Library. The Searcher Statue at Holywood Arches Library The first stop on the C.S. Lewis Trail in Belfast is this statue of Lewis, unveiled on his 100th birthday in 1998. This work by Northern Irish artist Ross Wilson depicts Lewis as his character Professor Digory Kirke entering the wardrobe portal to Narnia. The back of the wardrobe features a lion’s head and a letter Lewis wrote to 10-year-old Anne Jenkins in 1961. In it, he explains how the Narnia series can be read as an allegory for Christianity. Fun fact: Jenkins attended the statue’s 1998 unveiling. Holywood Arches Library Archives When I visited during the 2014 C.S. Lewis Festival, the librarians presented me with a map of the C.S. Lewis Trail and a bookmark featuring “The Searcher.” They also let my friends and me peruse their archives of newspaper clippings about Lewis. One was a story about Conor Anderson, whose family was living in Lewis childhood home. At age 11, Conor was selected to read part of  The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe  in the BBC Radio Ulster serial. C.S. LEWIS SQUARE The square opened on November 22, 2016, making it the newest spot on the C.S. Lewis Trail in Belfast. It’s a community space dedicated to Lewis and featuring sculptures of his characters by Irish artist Maurice Harron. I was lucky enough to visit Belfast again last winter just  after this opened; I followed the path from “The Searcher” and met Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, Mr. Tumnus, and Aslan himself, along with a few of the series’ villains. The artist used different sculptural styles for different characters, but I noticed that he used the same style for Aslan and Maugrim, chief of the White Witch’s secret police. I suppose this makes senseâ€"as true Narnia fans know, “He is not a tame lion.” Jack Coffee Bar or the Lamppost Café There are two Lewis-inspired cafes near the square. JACK Coffee Barnamed after the authors nicknameis inside the EastSide Visitor Centre, which also features an exhibit on East-side history. The Lamppost Café is a small, cozy café just down the street. Lewis himself famously said, “You can never get a cup of tea large enough or a book long enough to suit me,” so take some time for a cuppa at either of these two spots. C.S. Lewis Birthplace: 47 Dundela Avenue While the original building no longer stands, a blue plaque marks the spot of Lewis’ birth. Belmont Tower Exhibition The historic Belmont Tower  is located in the heart of the neighborhood Lewis grew up in. It houses a Lewis exhibition displaying first editions of the Narnia books, some of his letters, and copies of his academic work from The Inklings, the literary group he co-founded with J.R.R. Tolkien while at Oxford. The walls are peppered with quotes, including this one that shows how Lewis felt about his neighbors: I think we Strandtown and Belmont people had among us as much kindness, wit, beauty, and taste as any circle of the same size I have ever known. Campbell College Lewis spent one semester at Campbell College in 1910 before dropping out due to ill health. While he was not there long, an old-fashioned gas lamp on the driveway is said to be the inspiration for the lamppost in Narnia. Lewis’ name can also be found on the College War Memorial, which is dedicated to pupils who served in World War I. C.S. Lewis Childhood Home: Little Lea Lewis’ family moved to 76 Circular Road in the Strandtown neighborhood in 1905. In the home, dubbed “Little Lea,” Lewis wrote and illustrated his earliest stories in the fictional world  Boxen alongside his brother Warren. Lewis says in Surprised by Joy that the house was “almost a major character in my story. I am a product of long corridors, empty sunlit rooms, upstairs indoor silences, attics explored in solitude, distant noises of gurgling cisterns and pipes, and the noise of wind under the tiles. Also of endless books.” Lewis father had an extensive library in Little Lea. Unfortunately, this home is now a private residence. The front gate is marked “Little Lea,” though, and if you peek over the fence you can see the commemorative blue plaque stating: “C.S. Lewis â€" author and critic â€" lived here 1905-1917.” St. Marks Church C.S. Lewis was baptized in St. Mark’s Church, known locally as “The Lion on the Hill.” Lewis’ grandfather worked as a rector here. Anytime Lewis visited him, he would have stared right into the lion-shaped door handle leading to the rectors office. The Lion Doorknob at St. Marks While Lewis denounced his faith in his teen years, he returned to Christianity in 1931. A few years later, he and his brother donated a set of three stained glass windows to St. Mark’s as a memorial to their parents. C.S. Lewis and Narnia Murals Image courtesy of Albert Bridge (licensed for reuse under a creative commons license). While the Narnia-themed murals are mentioned on the C.S. Lewis Trail map, the exact addresses aren’t listed. Belfast murals can be hard to track down because they’re painted on the sides of buildings and walls in the middle of residential neighborhoods. Without taking a Black Cab Taxi tour, you’ll have to hunt them down on foot. Narnia Mural The Narnia mural is located by 5 Pansy St., just off of Dee St. The C.S. Lewis mural is located at approximately 30 Convention Court in east Belfast, just off where Ballymacarrett Rd. becomes Island St. Once youve found these, walk down to Newtownards Road and catch a bus back to the city centre. Linen Hall Library The C.S. Lewis Association of Ireland donated a set of works by and about Lewis to the library in 2004. Lewis was a childhood friend of Arthur Greeves, who went on to become president of the Linen Hall Library. The library occasionally hosts an exhibit on this friendship and more called “C.S. Lewis: Through the Wardrobe.” It’s open this year as part of the C.S. Lewis Festival until November 30. Belfast City Hall This impressive building houses one tiny nod to Lewis (and the city’s immense literary heritage), too small to be on the official trail. However, if you’re already in the neighborhood, the building itself is worth a stop. While youre inside, turn left down the front hall to see a stained glass window featuring a shelf of Northern Irish authors, including Seamus Heaney and C.S. Lewis. C.S. Lewis Reading Room in the McClay Library, Queens University Belfast Courtesy of Queen’s University Belfast This stop is off the official C.S. Lewis Trail in Belfast, but it’s a must nonetheless. Take any 8 bus down to Queen’s University Belfast and visit the McClay Library. The library is for students only, but tell the clerks you want to visit the C.S. Lewis Reading Room, and they’ll let direct you to the first floor. A giant lion rug carpets the floor outside the wardrobe door entrance. Courtesy of Queens University Belfast Inside, the room features a round table with a map of Narnia, displays of Lewis’ books, and quotes engraved on glass. You can also people watch as students hustle about between the library, the students’ union, and the Hogwarts-like Lanyon Building. And since you’re already in the Queen’s Quarter, pop around the corner to Maggie Mays for a pint-sized milkshake or an Ulster Fry. (I still get cravings.) Out-of-Belfast Bonus: Mourne Mountains In his essay “On Stories,” Lewis writes, “I have seen landscapes, notably in the Mourne Mountains and southwards which under a particular light made me feel that at any moment a giant might raise his head over the next ridge.” To experience this same sense of the fantastical, head south to the Mourne Mountains. I can attest to the magic of the experiencethe day I hiked up Slieve Donard with friends, I saw a half-buried formation of rocks that I believed, for all of five seconds, to be the remains of a giant. Perhaps the particular light Lewis spoke of was the same dim, gray mist that hung over the mountain the day I visited, soft and gentle in its foreboding ambiance. C.S. Lewis Legacy in Belfast The librarians at the Holywood Arches Library told me they didn’t think people in Belfast gave enough consideration to C.S. Lewis. He is often disassociated with his homeland, far more likely to be associated with England. He himself did have mixed feelings about his native land. A Lewis quote I found in the Holywood Arches archive says: “I am crossing over to Ireland: my birthplace and dearest refuge although most dreadful because of the strife, hatred and often civil war between dissenting faiths.” Lewis lived through Ireland’s split in 1921, and the conflict both before and after. Biographer A.N. Wilson speculates that Lewis’ ecumenical approach to Christianity may have arisen from his disdain for the sectarian conflict of his homeland. Lewis died in 1963, however, before “The Troubles,” when the sectarian conflict became worse than it had ever been. To learn more about this time, check out Aisling’s list of books about the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Now that things are peaceful, however, there’s never been a better time to visit. Since 2013, the city has hosted an annual C.S. Lewis Festival every November. This, along with the recent addition of the C.S. Lewis Square, show a renewed interest in celebrating one of Belfasts great literary sons. Want more Lewis? Check out Kate’s introduction to C.S. Lewis’ major works, these five books about C.S. Lewis’ life and work, and  Amanda’s round-up of Lewis links around the web. For Lewis fans stuck in America, check out Christy’s post on the Lewis memorabilia in the Wade Center outside of Chicago. Also In This Story Stream View all C.S. Lewis posts-->

Dear Journal- Personal Narrative Essay - 1529 Words

Dear Journal- Personal Narrative (Absolute Relative Location) Day 1 – August 2, 2005. I’ve arrived in Australia this morning. What a flight! It took me 11 hours, and I feel like sleeping but it’s only mid-day. The time zone difference is at its max with Australia being 19 hours ahead of Vancouver. Geez, it’s going to take me all week to get over this jet lag. Not only is the time backwards, but also when you flush the water spins the opposite way, makes me feel sorta homesick. Though in the southern hemisphere and eastern hemisphere, here lies Sydney at 33 55 °S, 151 10E °, one of the most magnificent places on the face of the earth, in my opinion. Its been three years since my†¦show more content†¦As soon as I was clear the control zone I turned was about to turn to face Sydney but I couldn’t take my eyes off the beautiful Blue Mountain range. It’s one of the most gorgeous natural highlights in Australia. The mantel shelf was extraordinary, and seemed to come from some form of volcanic activity as I can remember from geography class. But after a while I decided to turn east from the mountains and head for a gander of Sydney. I first flew over the Sydney Opera House, which is in the Central Business District of Sydney, in Sydney Cove. Just south of the opera house is the Royal Botanical Gardens, which did start off as a natural preservation, but now is under the guidance of the city of Sydney, and maintained in order for the tourist population. As I continued to the coast of Sydney I could spot just as a couple of specks surfers. There are many beaches down this coast, very popular for surfing. The biggest of them being Manly, Palm Beach, and Bondi Beach which are always packed with tourists. They are located just south of Sydney. I happen to fly over one of Sydney’s lesser known beaches, Whale Beach, just to the north later in the day. Throughout the day I flew across the outer edges of Sydney, that were lined with many scenic belts of reserved subtropical rainforests, where native plants such as eucalyptus, acacia, banksias, and grevillea thrive. I flewShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Her Dealings With The Jellyby Family 1625 Words   |  7 Pagesserves one of the novel’s most important themes. Esther is subtly asserting her true nature now. She is not functioning just a character but as one capable of stepping beyond the memory of that day to comment upon the social ills revealed by her narrative partner. This is not the first time she does this, nor is it the last. In Chapter Six, â€Å"Quiet at Home,† Dickens gives us another example of her more important purpose in the novel: [Jarndyce] asked me what I thought of Mrs. Jellyby. She exerts herselfRead MoreMalala Yousafzai ´s Speech Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesinequality to be educated. The narratives/ Narrative Frames The narratives is a necessary component. The narratives lead the audience to think about the event that the speaker talked about. Expression of values and goals is the main aim of narratives. (Hampton, 2004) stated that stories provide frames for understanding experiences, explaining and solving problems, and giving emphasis to moral value. Malala shared her story at United Nations to the narrative direct attention toward equality andRead MoreIs Mary Rowlandson Not Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome?791 Words   |  4 PagesThe New England Journal of Medicine States: â€Å"The defining characteristic of a traumatic event is its capacity to provoke fear, helplessness, or death. People who are exposed to such events are at increased risk for PTSD as well as for major depression, panic disorder, including generalized anxiety disorder.† While the conditions of Mrs. Rowlandson’s captivity could cause Stockholm syndrome, the symptoms displayed favor a diagnosis of PTSD. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry givesRead More`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` By Charlotte Perkins Gilm Deconstruction Of Gender Roles1200 Words   |  5 PagesPerkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper is an interesting story told from the journals of a woman who progressively loses her mind being locked in her bedroom, but underneath the surface this short story shows us a woman who is at first confined by, but progressively freed from the gender roles and expectations put upon her by society and her spouse. This story is written in an epistolary format. This first-person narrative gives the reader an intimate portrayal of the social attitudes that were commonRead More Narrative Worth in A Rose for Emily Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagescreates suspense; however, the narrator is beyond the box of these two concepts. As Ruth Sullivan explains, the narrator acts as a lens through which Emily Grierson is filtered(160), because the narrator uses empathic, connotative adjective such as â€Å"dear† and oftentimes uses the pronoun â€Å"we† the narrator denies his credibility and admits a degree of subjectivity( Sullivan 160). In effect, the narrator shapes the way in which the reader perceives Emily. Since the narrator has a respectable degree ofRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Friend1654 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom his characterization as a young man who is struggling to establish a proper sense of reality. Many of his perspectives on intrapersonal relationships, especially with women, are easily condemned under the seemingly pretentious pretext of a narrative pertaining to one who is a self proclaimed artist. This initial disabling of sympathy toward the protagonist is instrumental in forming the residual opinion held by readers about his actions. Considering the protagonist as someone with whom youRead More Linguistic and Narrative Cohesion in An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridg1704 Words   |  7 PagesLinguistic and Narrative Cohesion in An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge    The readers bewilderment at the end of Ambrose Bierces An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge is less a result of Peyton Farquhars death than the timely coordination of this mans violent execution with the readers sudden realization that instead of a detached objective reading he has been cajoled into a subjective experience (Ames 53). The reader is able to cross over into the consciousness of the protagonist at the momentRead MoreJournal : The Iroquois Creation Story1184 Words   |  5 PagesJournal: The Iroquois Creation Story The Iroquois Creation Story, like other creation tales, signifies the struggle between that which is good and that which is evil. The tale illustrates the conflict between the twins, Enigorio, the good mind, and Enigonhahetgea, the bad mind. Additionally, The Iroquois Creation Story relies on the notion that humanity was birthed from a woman. As a Westerner, it is natural to compare any creation story to that which is familiar and most often the creation storyRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe Life of John Steinbeck By: Alex Moses Mrs. Seymour 11/20/14 Dear Reader, I chose to research John Steinbeck for the Mulitgenre Research Project. I chose this American author because he has written many old timey American classics that signify the growth of the Untied States, which is exemplified in his novel, â€Å"Of Mice and Men†. This author is important to American literature because â€Å" Ideas are like rabbits. You get a couple and learn how to handle them, andRead MoreDear Mama: Analysis of Rap Lyrics as Poetry2070 Words   |  8 Pagesdignity in which personal emotion and universal themes are united (Ode, 2012). While hip-hop is known for its violent, masculine, and often, misogynistic lyrics, Dear Mama (1995), the first single from Tupac Shakurs album, Me Against the World (1995), can be considered to be a modern ode. Tupac Shakur, also known as 2Pac, one of hip-hops most influential rappers, intended to pay homage to his mother through this song and frequently referenced it in many of his later songs. Dear Mama (1995) contains

Importance Of The Second Amendment - 1168 Words

The Second Amendment Imagine youre sleeping at night and then suddenly, you wake up. You walk in into your kitchen and grab a glass of water and hear a noise, you realize there is someone in your house. Whats your first action, what are you going to do? Our second amendment protects us in this situation. The problem solver to this situation is to get a gun and maybe use it in defense for your safety and others. Our Second Amendment gives us a right to guns and to use them for defense in order for our safety. The Second Amendment has been around for a very long time. â€Å"It seems a throwback to those earlier days of the Wild West, when many men, far from the law and order provided by the town sheriff and circuit judge, had to protect their†¦show more content†¦It could also become a problem though because if someone were to use their rights for bad they could do some serious damage. For an example, the shooting in Vegas was caused by a man that had rights to a gun and used them for evil which resolved in many deaths. But, this is not worth ruining everyones right to bear arms of a gun. This tells you why the right to bear arms is important and why the second amendment is the most important! The Second Amendment is the most important because it provides defense towards americans. â€Å"Many have been surprised by the lack of resistance by the European Jews who were killed by the millions in the Nazi concentration and death camps during the Second World War. Yet when some of the people were able to gain access to weapons, they did resist, even when they knew the end was most likely to be the same.† (Ebeling, The Daily Bell) Many people were killed during WW2 and mostly was because of the lack of guns. If they possessed a gun they would have a higher chance of survival. â€Å"A gun can be a great equalizer for the weak and the defenseless, especially if an intended victim doesnt have to waste precious seconds fumbling with the key to a mandatory trigger lock.† (Ebeling, The Daily Bell) This proof tells you that a gun can be used in order to guarantee your defense and safety. There are many stories about americans that lived justShow MoreRelatedThe Constituti on And The Declaration Of Independence1712 Words   |  7 Pagesrights, amendments, that make the U.S a free country today. This system has provided many citizens with rights such as, allowing them to express their religion and free speech and protect their privacy with no officials is allowed to search someone s belongings unless there is a warrant that states reason. There are many more amendments besides the two listed and each of them are of equal importance to balance the power between the government and the people, especially the first ten amendments thatRead MoreBill of rights Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesRights was to ensure the safety of citizens rights. Most amendments apply in daily life, but might not realize it. The First amendment, freedom of speech, amendment two, the right to bear arms, and amendment four, protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. These three amendments are a major factor in daily lives for citizens. Amendment One, freedom of speech is a very important factor for all citizens to have. Amendment One protects citizens to freely speak their mind withoutRead MoreThe Bill of Rights: The Best Way to Limit the Power of the National Government772 Words   |  3 PagesThe importance of the Bill of Rights was not universally agreed upon at the time of their suggestion (Amar, 1992). In fact, in the original Constitution the Bill of Rights was specifically rejected by the Constitutional committee. The general feeling among committee members was that the provisions of the Bill of Rights were unnecessary in that protections were already in place. Fortunately, there was a vocal group of critics who argued that the Constitution was incomplete without human rights guaranteesRead MoreEffects Of Ratifying The Constitution Robert Whitehill s Speech On September Essay931 Words   |  4 Pagestheir liberties†. What Whitehill meant by this is that the Constitution needed something to back u p the liberties of the citizens and protect them from an overpowering government. Thus, leading to the creation of the Bill of Rights. The first 10 amendments of the Constitution are the Bill of Rights. They were written by James Madison for a greater constitutional protection of liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific limits on government power. Something that influenced James Madison was The VirginiaRead More The Bill of Rights Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pagesalso those established by our founding forefathers. This paper will illustrate and depict the importance of the original problems faced when adopting the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. It will discuss the importance of the first amendment, the due process of the 4th, 5th, 6th, and the 8th amendments. Last but not least the importance of what is known as the â€Å"second Bill of Rights† (14th amendment). What problems with the original document motivated the adoption of the Bill of Rights? ManyRead MoreThe Welfare System Within New Zealand1626 Words   |  7 PagesPolitician, wrote an Amendment Bill on this issue of the welfare system. This essay will firstly describe the key problem in which Paula Bennett identifies in her Amendment Bill and then the type of issues or assumptions it serves, and then examine the theories that best reflect this argument that she states. Therefore, social policy is concerned with the ways of understanding structural factors that shape social change and social problems, in this case the welfare system Amendment Bill by Bennett. Read MoreDrawing Influence From Levinson ( 1989 )1060 Words   |  5 Pagesonce again, I would like to argue that there is not or should not be an understanding that the Second Amendment is of greater importance and a higher degree of static understanding than other aspects of the Constitution. Levinson critiques this condition of the American population as follows; â€Å"If one does accept the plausibility of a ny of the arguments on behalf of a strong reading of the Second Amendment, but, nevertheless, rejects them in the name of social prudence and the present-day consequencesRead MoreFourth Amendment Essay1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fourth Amendment of the Constitution holds grave importance for the citizens of the United States of America. This amendment of the Constitution is exceptionally important due to the fact, that it protects citizens from unreasonable searches or seizures. However, the phrase, â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy† is a different aspect that is pertinent to the evolution of the Fourth Amendment, and Riley v. California. To dissect this phrase, reasonable is the important aspect here, this is whereRead MoreThe Case Of Samuel Roth921 Words   |  4 PagesSamuel Roth’s First Amendment freedom of speech? Did California violate David Alberts Due Process? 4. Holding No. The ruling was 6-3 in favor of the United States. The ruling was 7-2 in favor of California. 5. Opinion of the Court Justice Brennan delivered the opinion of the Court. Roth ran a business in New York by selling books, photos, and magazines. Roth was charged with 4 counts for sending inappropriate circulars and an inappropriate book. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld Roth’sRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthat I found was of course the second amendment to the United States constitution. The second amendment is as follows, â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.† This has been the source of much controversy between pro and anti gun control activists since the late 20th century and is a great source to start with because it’s the oldest one in the books. This amendment was adopted in 1791 as part

How Noise Affects Memory and Learning Free Essays

According to past studies background and low-level noise in homes, work, and school, disrupts concentration and lowers the performance of people while learning and studying. For example, Anderson and Fuller (2010) looked at the effects of music on reading comprehension. Their results state the music environment reading comprehension score was lower than the non-music environment score. We will write a custom essay sample on How Noise Affects Memory and Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though this study was done with music, no matter what type of sound it is, it will bother someone’s concentration and performance on a task. A study has shown having ackground white noise while performing a task, such as word recall, will produce low performance (KJellberg, LJung, ; Hallman, 2008). It also depends on the type of population you are trying to study. For some populations, the predictions of noise being a distraction, is stronger. For example, people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are more vulnerable to distractions than people without ADHD or any other type of disorder (Soderlund, Sikstrom, Loftenes, ; Sonuga-Barke, 2010). This introduction will further examine the effects of noise on learning and memory. Music and Learning/Memory It has been shown that music has a negative effect on reading performance (Anderson r am ; Vizard, 2011). Anderson and Fuller (201 investigation of the effect of lyrical music on reading comprehension by adolescents. They used the reading comprehensions subtest of the Gates-MacGinitie Reading tests, 4th edition. The music that was used in this study was taken from the Billboard Magazine’s (2006) top hit singles. Anderson and Fuller (2010) tested three hypotheses; (1) a difference exists between reading comprehension scores completed in the environment without music and scores obtained with lyrical music playing in he background, (2) a gender difference exists regarding comprehension scores completed in the environment without music and scores obtained with background music, and (3) a relationship exists between degree of preference for studying with music and scores obtained on reading comprehension tests completed in either the environment without music or with music playing in the background (Anderson Fuller, 2010). The results of this experiment were that across experimental groups of this study, the music environment reading scores were lower in the music group compared to the no music group. About three-quarters of the students who took the test did less well while listening to music in the background. This means hypothesis 1 was accepted in this study. Girls had a greater decline in scores under the music environment compared with the non-music environment than did boys, which means hypothesis 2 was accepted. Hypothesis 3 was only semi-accepted because the students total music preference score was not related to their reading comprehension score, but the total music preference score was correlated with the reading comprehension difference score (music vs. no music). The students, who were asked if they usually listen to music while studying, and said yes, had a lower reading comprehension score in both noise conditions (Anderson Fuller, 2010). Anderson and Fuller (2010) explain that these results happened because students paid more attention to the lyrics depending on if they were listening to the songs and artists they liked or did not like. Perham and Vizard (2011) conducted a study to explore whether the preference of background music influences performance in more realistic cognitive settings, such as doing everyday tasks. According to Perham nd Vizard (2011) research suggests that listening to background music prior to task performance increases cognitive processes, such as attention and memory, through the mechanism of increasing arousal and positive mood. Their hypothesis was if this mood and arousal extends to more common and realistic music, then the preference for background music while studying should show greater recall performance while listening to liked music than disliked music in the background. If the preference of music shows no effect, then performance should be the same in both liked and disliked music conditions. In this study done by Perham and Vizard (201 1), their procedure was done by selecting music by asking their participants to bring in music they have listened to on a daily basis, and they excluded people who like to listen to thrash metal music. The results of this test were only correct if an item was recalled in the exact same position in which it was presented, which showed that performance was best in the quiet condition. The liked music condition, in which participants brought in their own music, showed the highest rating for the likeability and pleasantness properties. The quiet condition was less distracting than the other ound conditions. Disliked music, which was the thrash metal, was rated as being more ottensive than the other sound conditions. Even though the results ot this study showed that the liked music condition was the highest rated condition, performance was actually as poor in this condition as the disliked, thrash metal, condition. This study showed that no matter what type of music you listen to, either liked or disliked, both are evenly disruptive. Memory and learning in regular white noise The influence of distracting noise has been studied in children with attention deficit disorder. A study done by Soderlund, et al. 2010), predicted that inattentive children would be enhanced by adding background white noise while attentive children’s performance would decline. There were two noise conditions used during this study, which was a high noise condition, and a low noise condition. In the high noise condition, verb-noun sentences were given during the auditory background noise (78 decibels). In the low noise condition, sentences were presented without noise. The results showed that both groups performed at the same level across both sound conditions, but the interaction between noise and the two groups was ignificant. Inattentive children performed better in the high noise condition rather than the low noise condition, but the opposite happened with the attentive children. This study also had to do with reading comprehension. Before the study had started, the inattentive and attentive children were tested for their reading level scores, and the inattentive children had a much lower reading level compared to the attentive children. With these results, there was a negative correlation between reading skills and a positive effect of these scores with the noise in the background, a positive orrelation between attention and reading ability, and a positive correlation between teacher ratings of the children being inattentive and their hyperactivity. This study showed that there was a significant improvement in performance for the children rated by their teachers as inattentive, and a decline in performance for those rated as attentive as noise levels were increased. KJellberg, et al. (2008) studied the effect of white noise on word recall. They predicted that (1) recall of words is better without background noise, (2) recognition of sentences is less sensitive to the noise han the recall of words, but background noise prolongs response times, and (3) the expected noise effect on recall and recognition will be weaker for subjects with high working memory capacity. There was a free recall of long word lists that was performed with and without background noise. Working memory capacity was tested with a test of reading span. A third test was done with sentence recognition in the same conditions done in the word recall test. This sentence recognition test was less of a resource for results, but was included for the measurement of response times in both noise conditions. For the results of this study, the word lists were split up into three parts (first, 10, middle 30, last 10). The reason for splitting up the second, third, and fourth groups of 10 words was that in these groups, many subjects did not recall any item correctly. In line with the hypotheses, subjects remembered less of the words when presented with background noise. Recognition of sentences was found to be unaffected by the noise, and the performance of this task was unrelated to reading span. The hypothesis was confirmed regarding performance of the word recall task, but not for the sentence recognition task. The effects of noise were apparent on the recall of the first and last part of the word list, which shows that retrieval from a short term and long memory storage were both impaired by noise. The hypothesis stating that noise ettects were expected to be less sever tor persons with a better working memory capacity as defined by their reading performance was strongly supported from the noise effect on the recall of the last part of the word list. The hypothesis that word recall was rated as more difficult than sentence recognition in the noise condition was also accepted. For the last of the results for this study, here was a shorter response time with noise in the sentence recognition task. There were more misses with the shorter response time. This does not confirm the hypothesis that decisions should take longer in the noise condition, and there is no obvious explanation for this result. How memory is affected by road traffic noise and meaningful irrelevant speech. The influence of road traffic noise and meaningful irrelevant speech was studied by Boman (2004), Enmarker (2004), and Hygge, Boman, and Enmarker (2003). Boman (2004) predicted that the encoding of new verbal episodic information should be mpaired by both road traffic noise and meaningful irrelevant speech, but the impairment for the encoding will be stronger for the meaningful irrelevant speech, and the impairment will be more for the recall than the recognition of a text in episodic memory. It was expected that both recall and recognition in a text reading task when exposed to noise during the encoding part would be impaired by noise sources, but the cued recall and meaningful irrelevant speech would be more pronounced. Performance on free and cued recall from the sentences encoded with and without enactment (such as â€Å"roll the ball† or â€Å"kick the ball) would be impaired by oise, but the self-performed enactments will produce a better memory performance, and will withstand both noise conditions. It was expected that intentional memory, and recognition of given names, would be impaired by noise. Like the rest of the predictions for this study, irrelevant speech would be more of an impairment than the road traffic noise. For recognition from non-verbal material (faces) no noise effects were expected because the face recognition test could be assumed to provide enough cues for memory retrieval. An interaction between noise and gender was expected, while girls performance on free and cued recall from the pisodic memory tasks would not be affected as bad as boys during noise exposure. To examine the predicted role of attention on episodic memory, attention was measured by a search and memory task. A speech accuracy trade off (SATO) – which is we prefer accuracy over the speed of getting something done – was expected with more lines of the tasks completed in noise, but at a lower accuracy. Boman (2004) split up the results section into five parts. In all of these analyses, the direct effects of noise, gender, and the interactions between noise and gender were all assessed. Episodic memory was assessed first. For cued recall and recognition of text, meaningful irrelevant speech impaired cued recall as expected, but there was no effect of gender or an interaction between gender and noise found for cued recall. In line with the predictions, the analysis for the recognition items also showed a main effect of noise. There was a better recognition in silence than irrelevant speech, but there was no difference between silence and road traffic noise. For free and cued recall of sentences, neither the effect of noise nor the interaction between noise and gender was significant. As predicted, girls’ recall performance was igher than the boys in cued recall or categories with enactment. Semantic memory was analyzed second. For word tluency, there was no significant noise ettect or interaction between noise and gender. For word comprehension, there was better word comprehension in silence than in meaningful irrelevant speech. Attention was analyzed next, and this was not impaired by noise, and since this happened, the predicted role for attention on episodic memory can be ruled out. Self-ratings were analyzed last. For affect, there was no significant difference between the three noise groups on the affect dimensions measured before both noise exposures. Meaningful irrelevant speech and road traffic noise did not differ from the silence condition. For annoyance, effort, and difficulty, there were no significant effects of noise on self reports and the difficulty of reading. Since this happened, the distraction on the text reading tasks in silence and noise can be ruled out as an explanation of the noise effects of recall and recognition. Enmarker (2004) examined how irrelevant speech and road traffic noise affected teacher’s memory and attention, and also examined whether the noise effects on memory were age dependent. Ninety-six male and female teachers were chosen to articipate and were between the ages of 35-45 and 55-65. It was predicted that (1) of noise effects on episodic memory – noise would interfere with verbal episodic memory tasks, and impair free and cued recall and recognition, but the recall was supposed to be impaired more than recognition tasks, (2) like Boman (2004), most of the episodic memory tasks, the meaningful irrelevant speech will impair the tasks more than the road traffic noise, (3) the older teachers should be less able than the younger teachers to accurately recall, both free and cued, tasks in the noise ondition, (4) of noise effects on semantic memory – less attention requirements are needed during retrieval than during encoding. More automatic than controlled retrieval is present in more semantic memory, and this study was not sure whether noise would affect the semantic memory system, and (5) of noise affects on attention – noise would impair attention as the result of fewer resources available for the task. There will be a fast performance for answers, but most of these answers will not be accurate. For the results of this study by Enmarker (2004), younger teachers overall ad a better hearing status than the older teachers. Noise impaired cued recall of the text in episodic memory, but the impact of irrevlevant speech and road traffic noise did not differ. There was no difference between the younger and older teachers performance during noise impairment. There was no significant difference of effort made during text reading for subjects in silence and irrelevant speech, and also the perception of difficulty to the text. The recall of sentences with and without enactment showed no overall noise effects and no interaction between noise and age. The tasks for intentional and incidental learning and first and family names showed an overall effect of noise. Incidental learning did not show any noise effects. Intentional learning did not show any influences of noise either. There was an overall effect of noise on the three word fluency tests in semantic memory. More words were recalled in silence than in irrelevant speech. The predicted speech to accuracy effect was not supported, and neither was there any interaction between noise and age on attention. The studies done by Boman (2004) and Enmarker (2004) were replications of Hygee et al. 2003). All predictions, basic designs, procedure, and noise controls have been replicated. A types ot episodic and semantic memory tasks are also replicated. A results have been shown to be the same across all three studies. How learning and memory are affected by aircraft noise Hygge, Evans, and Bullinger (2002) studied the effects of aircraft noise on cognitive performance. Before the openin g of the new Munich, Germany airport and the destruction of the old one, children near both of these airport sites were brought in to be tested. Two groups of children, an airport noise group, and a control group – no ircraft noise – were examined. In this study, 326 children participated; 43 children who were by the old airport, were put into a no-noise group; 65 children who were by the old airport, were put into a noise group; 107 who are by the new airport, were put into a no noise group; and 111 who are by the new airport, were put into a noise group. This study assessed how children’s reading was affected by changes in ambient noise levels cause by the new airport and old airport locations. On the word- list part of the reading test, only difficult words showed differences between the groups. The airport group and the high noise exposure were significant. Reading and long term memory affects were related, but disappeared when the old airport closed, and the new airport opened. Although children’s reading worsened with noise exposure at the new airport and recovered following lower noise exposure at the old airport, speech perception deficits among noise exposed children at the old airport did not recover. Performing the task in acute noise or no noise did not qualify for the interaction involving chronic aircraft noise over time, but there was a main effect of acute noise. The last was that poorer short term memory performance of the noise group recovered to reach the level of the control group’s performance. Separate tests showed more correct responses in the no-noise group than in the noise group. For the conclusion of this study done by Hygge, et al. (2002) it states that noise exposure damages the development of speech perception in different ways during the early and late stages of the reading comprehension tasks. This study also raises a question about the validity of inattention or â€Å"tuning out† different noises as an explanation for the impact of noise on reading performance. How visual memory is affected during white noise A study was done by Wais and Gazzaley (2011) about the impact of auditory distraction on retrieval of visual memories. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of sound distraction on retrieval of episodic memory. Based on prior research, Wais and Gazzaley stated that there is a possibility that the environment changes may interfere with the recollection of visual memories. This study hypothesized that a comparison of effects of distraction from different sensory systems might slow down evidence for or against interference on recollection. This experiment studied the influence of sound distractions on episodic memory recollections using both busy caf © sounds and white noise. There were a few different results found in this study. With auditory distractions and false alarms, there was a greater amount of false recollection during silence compared to both the white noise and the auditory distraction of a busy caf ©. Relevant visual details during the test with the busy caf © noise showed significant decline compared to white noise and silence. There was no difference between white noise and silence. These results show that auditory istraction (busy caf © noise) showed more of a distraction than white noise. It might be possible that the results ot talse alarms are greater in silence because the participants are more relaxed during this time period and might loosen their decisions. There was also a task done with visual distractions. In this experiment, the conditions corresponding to the silence, white noise, and the auditory, busy caf ©, distraction conditions in the present study were the eyes shut, eyes open with a grey screen, and eyes open with a complex natural scene. One distracting complex natural scene was presented at each trial. Stimulation during the auditory, busy caf ©, distraction is more dynamic than that from the eyes open-grey screen images (Wais Gazzaley, 2011). The results of the visual distraction showed that recollection of relevant visual details during the auditory distraction showed low accuracy compared to silence and white noise conditions. In comparison with these studies, the present study is going to be studying how auditory distractions affect memory. The test that was presented to our participants was the digit span test and a reading comprehension test. The digit span test is used to measure working memorys umber storage capacity (Cambridge Brain Science). The participants were presented with a series of numbers (e. g. 6, 7, 9) and must repeat them back immediately, and if they do this accurately, they will be given a longer list of numbers (e. g. 6, 4, 8, 9) Oahanshahi, Saleem, Ho, Fuller, Dirnberger, G. 2009). Both the reading comprehension test and the digit span test was presented in three different noise conditions, (1) obnoxious noise, (i. e. Jackhammer) (2) calming noise (i. e. bird chirping), and (3) no noise/regular classroom noise, such as students in the hallways, or onstruction outside the windows. A question that is being asked is how do different noise conditions affect memory for both these tasks? It was hypothesized that participants in the no noise/regular classroom noise will perform better than in the two noise conditions. Method Participants Data was collected from participants who signed up for Experimental Psychology experiments, which helped with the random sampling of the students. Seventy-one students participated in the study (57 females and 13 males) ranging from ages 18 to 24. Twenty-two subjects were in the no sound condition, twenty in the calming noise i. e. bird chirping) condition, and twenty-nine in the obnoxious noise (i. e. Jack hammer) condition. All participants gave informed consent before participating in the experiment. Only one participant reported having a hearing problem. Materials Questionnaire. A self-made questionnaire was given to each student during the experiment. This questionnaire consisted of (1) age, (2) gender (a) female or (b) male, (3) what is your current academic standing? (a) Freshman, (b) Sophomore, (c) Junior, or (d) Senior; (4) Overall GPA; (5) Do you currently wear glasses or contacts? (a) yes, or (b) o; (6) Are you hearing impaired? (a) Yes, or (b) no; (7) How do you study? (Choose all that apply) (a) silence, (b) with television, (c) with music, (d) with friends, (e) other (8) Please rate how stressed you feel when you study? (a) no stress, (b) okay, (c) great, (d) stressed, or (e) very stressed; (9) Do you better under your course material when: (a) a professor lectures (b) when you read your textbook/notes on your own, or (c) both. Reading Comprehension test. An 8th grade reading comprehension test was presented to the participants. The test was chosen from the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test which was tound online (Flori da Department ot Education). T story is called â€Å"The Wreck of E. S. Newman† by Ruth Ewers. The story also had questions that were answered by the participants. This passage also came with the answers to these questions. Participants must pay close attention to the story because once the story is taken away from them, they were no longer able to go back and look at it. Digit Span Test. The Digit Span test was originally a subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test (WA’S) (Cambridge Brain Science). David Wechsler used the digit span test to test the participants working memory. Analysis of the digit span test suggests that participants must hold the first few items presented in memory. According to Jahanshahi, et al. 2008) the digit span test monitors incoming information, and revises updated information by changing the new items. The Digit Span test can be presented verbally, or on a computer program. In the present study, the Digit Span test was pre-recorded so that the variable was held constant and the participants will have no problem understanding what we say. Participants were presented with a string of random numbers and w ere asked to repeat the string of umbers forward. This means if the numbers are presented as 6-1-2, they must write those numbers down in that particular order. Participants may find themselves rehearsing the string of digits as they hear them being presented from recording. The Digit Span is scored 2, 1, or O; 2 points if the participant passes both trials, 1 point if the participant passes only one trial and O points if the participant fails both trials. Even though there are two trials, we only used one trial for this experiment and was scored using 1 point. PANAS scale. The Positive and Negative Affect schedule is a 0-item self-report measure of positive and negative affect developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen (1988). The negative scale has three subscales (1) distress, (2) unpleasureable engagement, and (3) the absence of feelings. Positive affect represents an individual with high pleasurable experiences and engagement with the environment. Emotions of happiness and alertness are indicated with the positive affect of the PANAS, and emotions of sadness and lethargy are indicated with the negative affect (Crawford Henry, 2004). The participants were asked to read each item and list the number from the scale next to each word. This indicated the way a person feels at the present moment. The rating scale is (1) very slightly or not at all, (2) a little, (3) moderately, (4) quite a bit, and (5) extremely. The 20 words that will be presented on the PANAS scale are (1) interested, (2) distressed, (3) excited, (4) upset, (5) strong, (6) guilty, (7) scared, (8) hostile, (9) enthusiastic, (10) proud, (11) irritable, (12) alert, (13) ashamed, (14) inspired, (15) nervous, (16) determined, (17) attentive, (18) Jittery, (19) active, and (20) afraid. Recordings. The recordings that were used during the experiment are Jackhammers and birds chirping. These sounds ame from www. sounddogs. com and were played from a CD through the computer system from the classroom that was used to perform the experiment. The exact name for the Jackhammer sound from the website is called â€Å"Tools – Jackhammer – Ext – MCIJ – Jackhammering Concrete Long Stand. † The exact name for the bird chirping sound from the website is called â€Å"Birds – Morning – Suburban Neighborhood Morning Birds – Ext – Distant – 6:30am – Various Pretty Birds Sing ; Chirp. † Procedure The experiment was conducted in a St. Francis College classroom. Since some classrooms nave ditterent color walls, we decided to use a classroom witn white olored walls on all sides. The participants came in and sat down anywhere they want in the classroom, and each participant was given an informed consent. The informed consent explained the basics of our experiment, how long the experiment will take, they may quit at any time, and that they will be anonymous throughout the experiment. After all participants handed in their informed consent, the experiment will start. The digit span test was given out first. As said as before, each string of numbers will be pre-recorded so there are no confounding variables. After one set of umbers is said, each participant will have to memorize that set and write it down. The string of numbers was longer each time they are presented. The reading comprehension paragraph was given next. Each participant was given the paragraph of our choice and was required to remember as much as possible from reading this paragraph. The reading comprehension paragraph was then taken away and the questionnaire was given in between the reading paragraph and the reading comprehension quiz. This is because we are studying memory and we want to see how much they remember after five minutes. After they have finished with the questionnaire, they were given a sheet with a few questions on it asking them about the paragraph they have Just read. During the digit span test, and the reading comprehension paragraph, each group had noise playing in the background. There were three noise conditions. In the first condition, the obnoxious noise (i. e. jackhammer) was presented, during the second condition, the calming noise (i. e. birds chirping) was presented, and in our last condition, there was no noise presented. The PANAS scale was presented after the experiment was finished to see f the background noise had any effect on the participant during the experiment. After the PANAS a manipulation check was asked to see if the independent variable has had any effect on the participants, and the debriefing about the experiment was presented last. This experiment had two risks which are (1) they might have frustration during each task because of the noise in the background, and (2) because of this frustration they might receive a headache because they could not concentrate well. A benefit the participant will receive is that they may learn their own individual apabilities in learning and memory related to noise. Results The present study hypothesized that participants in the no noise/regular classroom condition will perform better than in the two noise conditions (i. e. calming and obnoxious conditions. How to cite How Noise Affects Memory and Learning, Papers

Walmart Company Opportunities and Advantages

Thesis Statement This report evaluates the Wal-Mart Stores. Thus, it explores the Company in terms of its low-cost strategy, product diversity and the high number of large physical stores. Using these capabilities, Wal-Mart has and continues to lead in the retail industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Company Opportunities and Advantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The report, therefore, evaluates how these capabilities have enabled Wal-Mart to realize its mission of helping people save money to live better. This mission continues to drive everything that happens at Wal-Mart. Customers continue to trust the everyday low price strategy through which they are able to save their money. Wal-Mart’s Cost Advantage Supply Chain Advantage Wal-Mart successfully implemented an efficient supply chain management strategy in all its operations. Through this, the Company is able to lower cost of products while providing a highly competitive pricing for its consumers. Additionally, the efficient supply chain management strategy enables Wal-Mart to offer its customers the products they need where they need them. In purchasing, the Company managers use the system to find products they will sell and look for suppliers. Thereafter, they procure products from suppliers at low prices to meet Wal-Mart profitability goals. The Company establishes long-term partnerships with suppliers so that it can get large quantities of products at lowest possible market prices. The focus is on buying from cheaper domestic suppliers. Operations managers then use forecasts to determine customer demand for products. These products are then supplied to various distribution centers to meet customer demand and needs. Here, Wal-Mart lowers inventory carrying costs. On the other hand, the distribution function ensures that products move from manufacturers to the Company stores before getting to the customers. Be sides cutting down costs for inventory and product transportation, the Company drastically reduces the time taken to transport these products hence eliminating system inefficiencies. There is efficiency in Company operations, as well as the distribution strategies achieved through having stores in large cities close to each other. â€Å"Every distribution center supports 90 to 100 stores in a 200-mile radius† (Wal-Mart). This lowers distribution costs incurred by the supply chain department.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, the Company uses technology to make sure integration of the supply chain. Wal-Mart has embraced technology as a strategy to have a competitive edge in the highly competitive retail industry. For instance, through innovation, the Company has revitalized its supply chain lowering costs and pass resulting savings to its product consumers. Trau b in his article titled â€Å"Wal-mart Used Technology to Become Supply Chain Leader† says that Wal-Mart achieved this by use of a supply chain management system in its operations. For instance, the Company uses technology in forecasting customer demand accurately while tracking and predicting inventory levels within various stores. Moreover, technological innovations have enabled Wal-Mart to create transportation routes that are highly efficient hence lowering costs (Walmart Stores 9). With information technology, the Company tracks product movement until they are finally delivered into its stores. The efficiency in the supply chain system helps Wal-Mart save money with benefits being passed on to consumers in terms of low product prices. Any investor would enjoy having a strategic alliance with a company having such an excellent supply chain management system in place. I highly recommend Tech-Shield to invest in Wal-Mart. Low Manufacturing Cost Given that Wal-Mart controls most of the activities in the retail industry, it is a key business partner to its suppliers. Wal-Mart has a lot of control over the market. For instance, if Wal-Mart was to switch from doing business with other suppliers, this creates a scare among existing suppliers. Currently, the Company has partnered with over 3,000 suppliers (Wal-Mart Stores). The Company purchases goods in large quantities from its suppliers. Additionally, all suppliers have transparent production and delivery system to enable Wal-Mart track delivery of products. In order to cut costs, the Company has set up its own distribution channels hence eliminating a need for wholesalers (Rosenfeld). On the other hand, most manufacturers’ survival in the industry depends on the ability of Wal-Mart to market their products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Company Opportunities and Advantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this t o happen, they have to play within requirements that Wal-Mart puts on the table. This has given the Company the audacity to bargain for products prices helping it acquire them at low prices. To ensure low costs, Wal-Mart advises suppliers to locate in countries with low production costs. For instance, Wal-Mart imports most of its products from its manufacturers in China, Vietnam and Bangladesh (Clifford). Grocery suppliers have had to offer their products at low prices to maintain their partnership with Wal-Mart (Geller and Wohi). Wal-Mart has been able to lower costs through a low wage strategy to its workers (Berfield). Low cost benefit consumers of all income groups as they are able to buy products at affordable prices. Wal-Mart, being a leader in the retail industry, significantly benefits from economies of scale. These are as a result of an outstanding system that the Company enjoys in terms of developed distribution channels and system, brand name, huge financial capital and l ocation of stores. Given that new entrants require huge capital investments to compete with the Company, most of them keep off. Additionally, given its good financial returns annually, Wal-Mart enjoys a cost advantage over rivals in the industry. For instance, customers looking for quality products at low prices shop at Wal-Mart. Nevertheless, large suppliers like Coca Cola do have more bargaining power compared to smaller ones. With such a good strategy to lower Wal-Mart’s manufacturing costs, Tech-Shield should think about entering a strategic alliance with Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart’s Product Diversification Strategy Wal-Mart continues with its commitment to offer quality goods and services to customers at the lowest market prices as they believe that they are in business to serve customers. â€Å"Customers are the reason why we’re in business. And when we exceed their expectations, we’re at our best† (Walmart 2012 Annual Report 3). Moreover, Wal-Mart h as a workforce of more than 2 million serving over 200 million customers in its 10,000 retail units in over 27 countries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The workforce has been vital in helping Wal-Mart achieve its mission, as well as grow its business.Using its mission of â€Å"Save Money, Live Better† (Wal-Mart Stores 1), Wal-Mart continues to serve its customers by offering quality products at lower prices compared to rivals in the industry. Here, focus is on delivering value and quality to customers. Furthermore, Wal-Mart endeavors to help its customers buy commodities at affordable prices. Through this, Wal-Mart helps to improve the situations of people in the communities it operates. This mission has been embedded not only in the Company’s business, but also in its culture to impact every part of Wal-Mart. This includes Wal-Mart’s shareholders, workforce, customers and the communities where it operates. Through a product diversification strategy, Wal-Mart offers a range of products to its customers. This is through its various formats like supermarkets, hypermarkets, retail stores, discount stores, supercen ters, restaurants among others (Walmart 2012 Annual Report 6-10). The range of products includes groceries, jewelry, toys, pharmaceuticals, books, household essentials, health care products, cell phones, electronics, home appliances, office equipment (Wal-Mart Stores) among many others. Here, Wal-Mart virtually has everything in their stores. Matters of product quality and quantity in the retail industry are crucial when it comes to purchasing decisions that customers make. Product diversity gives Wal-Mart a competitive advantage as customers can find any product they need at the various stores. Tech-Shield would definitely look to invest in such a company. Wal-Mart Store Size and Location Wal-Mart internationalized its operations in 1991. This saw the Company embark on an expansion strategy to meet customer needs beyond the United States. Since then, the Company has been able to start operations in 27 countries. In order to serve its customers better, Wal-Mart partners with over 80 0,000 associates operating more than 5,500 stores (Wal-Mart Stores). The mission behind the expansion strategy is ensuring every community has a store. Besides, the stores are large enough to ensure customer convenience during shopping. â€Å"Retail centers range in size from 8,900 square feet to 110,000 square feet. Its wholesale stores range in size from 35,000 square feet to 70,000 square feet† (Reuters). Most of these stores are close to each other, as well as the warehouse. The warehouse system where it locates close to stores reduces Wal-Mart overhead hence the costs of production. In another move aimed at ensuring customers conveniently access its products, Wal-Mart came up with â€Å"Neighborhood Market stores† (D’Innocenzio). These small stores within neighborhoods increase product sales while helping Wal-Mart remain competitive in an industry where rivals have dollar stores and drug chains. Points of Correlation The low price strategy has enabled the C ompany offer quality products to customers. Through various strategies, Wal-Mart is able to lower costs and pass on the savings to its customers. For instance, it works closely with suppliers to lower transportation costs. On the other hand, the Company does not use wholesalers in its operations hence enabling it to lower costs. Through integrating information technology into its supply chain system, Wal-Mart tracks product movement until it reaches its stores. In this case, inventory costs are drastically reduced. Besides, the Company offers quality products in large quantities through its stores in over 27 countries. Moreover, these stores are large enough for customers to shop conveniently. Wal-Mart has a customer relationship management (CRM) system to manage its relationship with customers. The Company aims at creating a better customer experience with its customers so that they enjoy shopping at the retail chain. The Company values its customers with a believe that they are th e number one boss. Customers are hence interested in shopping at Wal-Mart because of the wide range of quality products offered at lowest market prices. Wherever a customer is, they can walk to a Wal-Mart store and get whatever product they need. Consequently, customer needs are met by having a range of products sold at lower prices compared to what other retailers in the industry. An investment is Wal-Mart is worthy given the cost advantage strategy, product diversity, and global presence of the Wal-Mart brand. Conclusion From the evaluation, I would recommend to Miguel that Tech-Shield should consider investing in Wal-Mart. The Company has huge growth potential given its high market share. Additionally, there are numerous opportunities for Wal-Mart to seize and continue with its dominance in the retail industry. For instance, diversify of Wal-Mart offers crucial areas in which Tech-Shield can be a partner through strategic alliances. The low cost advantage helps Wal-Mart increase its market share. As such, it is a great opportunity for Wal-Mart to leverage through economies of scale plus the various cost cutting mechanisms in place. On the other hand, investing in Wal-Mart is a way through which Tech-Shield can increase its market share and venture into other business ventures. Therefore, I would not hesitate to recommend that Tech-Shield invests a significant capital into Wal-Mart through a strategic alliance. Works Cited Berfield, Susan. â€Å"Are American Taxpayers Subsidizing Wal-Mart’s Low Wages?† 3 June 2013. Bloomberg Businessweek. Print. Clifford, Simon. â€Å"Walmart Plans to Buy American More Often.† 15 January 2013. The New York Times. Web. CNN Money. Global 500. 23 July 2012. Print. D’Innocenzio, Ann. â€Å"Wal-Mart plans to open small stores faster.† 10 October 2012. Associated Press. Print. Geller, Martinne and Jessica Wohi. â€Å"Analysis: Wal-Mart’s price push tests manufacturers’ prowess.â₠¬  6 March 2012. Reuters. Print. Reuters. Wal-Mart Stores Inc (WMT.N). 2013. Print. Rosenfeld, Herman. â€Å"Challenging Wal-Mart. Globalization, Supply-Chain Dominance and Sweatshop Labour.† 13 March 2007. Global Research. Web. Traub, Todd. Wal-mart Used Technology to Become Supply Chain Leader. 2 July 2012. Print. Walmart 2012 Annual Report. 50 years of helping customers save money and live better. Annual Report. Arkansas: Wal-Mart Stores, 2012. Print. Wal-Mart. 2013 Global Responsibility Report. 31 January 2013. Print. Wal-Mart Stores. Our Mission: Saving people money so they can live better. Global Sustainability Report. Arkansas: Wal-Mart, 2013. Print. Walmart Stores. Walmart 2011 Annual Report. Building the next Generation Walmart. 1 January 2011. Web. This essay on Walmart Company Opportunities and Advantages was written and submitted by user Xavier Davenport to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Company was formed by a group of non-Separatist Puritans who was being persecuted for their beliefs in England. The charter was brought along with the colonists, and was used as a constitution. The immigrants from England set sail on eleven ships in 1630 to the shores of Massachusetts. The Bay Colony’s first governor, John Winthrop, was an affluent Englishman who believed that a God had propelled him to lead the new colony. The skills of Winthrop facilitated the prosperity of Massachusetts. Fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding industries boomed, as the Bay Colony quickly became the most dominant of the New England colonies. The Puritans believed that they had created a safe haven for freedom, but in truth, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was hypocritical in its religious, social, and political foundations. One of the main reasons the Puritans escaped to America was for religious freedom. It would be sensible for the Puritans to allow religious freedom in their fledgling colony, but the conflicts were inevitable. The Quakers, who ignored the Puritan authority, were persecuted with fines, floggings, and evictions. Anne Hutchinson challenged the Puritan clergy with unorthodox views. She claimed that people did not need to obey the laws of God in order to be saved. This was considered high heresy in the Puritan colony. Hutchinson committed another sacrilege at her trial, when she testified that her beliefs had come through God. The Puritans had little choice but to expel her, for she would contaminate the religious purity of the Bay Colony if she were allowed to stay. Another threat to the Puritans was a minister, Roger Williams. He demanded that the colony break from the Church of England and opposed the power of government to control religious behavior. The outraged Puritans planned to ship Williams off to England, but he fled to the Rhode Island area in 1636, where he established the first Baptist church in Ameri... Free Essays on Massachusetts Bay Colony Free Essays on Massachusetts Bay Colony The Massachusetts Bay Company was formed by a group of non-Separatist Puritans who was being persecuted for their beliefs in England. The charter was brought along with the colonists, and was used as a constitution. The immigrants from England set sail on eleven ships in 1630 to the shores of Massachusetts. The Bay Colony’s first governor, John Winthrop, was an affluent Englishman who believed that a God had propelled him to lead the new colony. The skills of Winthrop facilitated the prosperity of Massachusetts. Fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding industries boomed, as the Bay Colony quickly became the most dominant of the New England colonies. The Puritans believed that they had created a safe haven for freedom, but in truth, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was hypocritical in its religious, social, and political foundations. One of the main reasons the Puritans escaped to America was for religious freedom. It would be sensible for the Puritans to allow religious freedom in their fledgling colony, but the conflicts were inevitable. The Quakers, who ignored the Puritan authority, were persecuted with fines, floggings, and evictions. Anne Hutchinson challenged the Puritan clergy with unorthodox views. She claimed that people did not need to obey the laws of God in order to be saved. This was considered high heresy in the Puritan colony. Hutchinson committed another sacrilege at her trial, when she testified that her beliefs had come through God. The Puritans had little choice but to expel her, for she would contaminate the religious purity of the Bay Colony if she were allowed to stay. Another threat to the Puritans was a minister, Roger Williams. He demanded that the colony break from the Church of England and opposed the power of government to control religious behavior. The outraged Puritans planned to ship Williams off to England, but he fled to the Rhode Island area in 1636, where he established the first Baptist church in Ameri...

Get Your Resume In The Door in 8 Seconds or Less

Get Your Resume In The Door in 8 Seconds or Less With the hours we spend on our resumes and cover letter- the editing down, the asking friends to proofread, the tailoring to every job opportunity- we’d like to think that employers spend at least a few minutes taking in all our attention to detail. But they don’t. Since employers are often fighting time constraints,  they usually  spend about 8 seconds  scanning your resume for relevant info. Here’s how to make the most of all 8 seconds!Make the First Half CountI’ve never been one for resume objectives, but if I’m setting 8 seconds worth of priorities, I’m going to make sure I stand out from the other 299 people applying for this same job! The big 3: Skills, Experience, and Value. The top of your resume should reflect the qualifications that only you can offer- delete anything that could apply to anyone who has ever held a job.Use Keywords that MatterBefore you even get those 8 seconds, chances are a data-mining program has already scr eened you for an HR manager to review. Make sure you prime the hiring manager to like you by front-loading your resume with the most impressive accomplishments, specific technical skills, and other eye-catching (but accurate) terms. They should also pick up on what the job posting was specifically looking for.Lead With the Best InformationFor each position, there will be the achievements you accomplished and the responsibilities you completed. Which one do you think is more compelling to a hiring manager?Use bullets for your results and a paragraph format for roles and responsibilities so that what you achieved stands out more than just what you did. Use the active voice and avoid weak-sounding words that underplay your contribution.Don’t Make the Reader SquintYour resume font size should NEVER be smaller than 11- it’s impossible onscreen and the time it takes your hiring manager to reach for their reading glasses is precious! Use bold typeface to accent crucial inform ation, leave a healthy amount of white-space, and guide your reader through your resume with indentations and formatting that tells them clearly what information is grouped together.Make sure those 8 seconds are worth it- no typos, no sluggish passive voice, and definitely no exaggerations!

External Business Enviroment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

External Business Enviroment - Assignment Example De Rome (2006) describes environment as the surroundings where a person or an entity gets influenced. This means the circumstances that surround us are the environment. Same as we perceive the surroundings, the businesses gets affected the same way. Environment is very important when we discuss the nature of the business and its location. Perhaps, the environment controls businesses and can either make them profitable or else shut these off. The word external is described as any force, issue, person, or anything connected to outside, (Bradley C. Karkkainen, 1994 ; William H. Rodgers, 1994). This refers to everything that is connected with the exterior of a certain thing, is called external. External in this report, will be discussed with reference to the forces that influence a change in the business environment and its strategies. U.K. is a well stabled, prosper and a developed nation, and that's a major reason behind many businessmen who want to invest in United Kingdom. United Kingdom's environment is a business friendly and is also very welcoming to new trends, which makes the market profitable and every business find a way to the profits because of the cosmopolitan nature of the country. London is considered to be a magnet for global businesses and investors. Moreover, the European Union serves as an addition to the market of London. Businessmen just intend to enter in to the single largest market of the world, with the world leading financial services of the world. By now, it is fairly understood that how is the U.K. environment in terms of businesses, operate and why are the investors so keen to invest in the pool. Additionally, the U.K economy holds one of the highest GDPs (Gross Domestic Products) in the whole world. It is the Fifth largest economy of the world with the GDP of $2,727 billion (Source: World Bank, 2008). It means that the economy of United Kingdom is doing its very best for the investors and lenders, because in the future big amounts shall be returned as the dividend or the profit shares. It has been forecasted, that the economy of U.K. will do the best in all the European Union countries from the period of 2008 to 2012 (Source: EIU, 2008). It is because U.K. holds most of the tertiary sector and produce manufactured goods. The ideal country to invest for a business shall be U.K. It is because neither instability in the economy exists nor any fluctuations in the past years have been observed yet. Economically, U.K. is by far the best place to invest for a business in. According to the sources, the population of the United Kingdom has a figure of 61 million (ONS, 2008). It means that the population according to the area occupied by the country, is less, and as it is a centre place for investors, other families from different countries may migrate to London. In this case, families and individuals of other countries may increase the population of the country, but the native British people are just the number shown above. Discussing about the value of UK as an investment destination, we may see

Life and Death of the Salt Marsh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Life and Death of the Salt Marsh - Essay Example They are of great importance, in that they control the flow of waters reducing the chances of flooding in mainland. They also utilize excessive nutrients that would otherwise pollute the environment by growing various plant species. This discussion covers the wetland marshes of the eastern coast of North America. The salty marshes cover the whole of the eastern coast of North America. The most interesting thing about these marshes is that it is very difficult to understand its nature. The marshes are observed to be partially of a solid form and partially of a mobile water form. It is barely possible to tell where the marshes begin and where they end in the coastal sea (Teal, J., and M., Teal 30). Any observer will definitely be treated to a rare spectacle, in that when the tide is low, the grass marshes sounds like wind and when the tides are rife, the sound changes to a musical tune of crackling marshes on in waters. However, one thing seems to be unusual about the marshes surroundi ng environment. The birds living in the grassy marshes are known to sing and make noises even when the other entire creatures are still. This leaves a question as to whether the marshes affect the behavior of the other living organisms within its surrounding environment. ... The fact that some people can consider the foul smell similar to that of rotten eggs to be pleasant, raises concern. The feel touch and feel nature of these marshes is also controversial (Teal, J., and M., Teal 30). Some of the marshes are solid hard while others are soft and spongy. While one can step on some parts of the marshes comfortably and walkover, at some parts, stepping on the marshes will open the ground and make the person go under. At some parts still, stepping on the marshes will cause a rebounce and spring back motion that resist the movement. While some marshes have roots that penetrate the ground and forms a hard surface, some lacks the rooting system. This creates two different scenarios, where one can walk comfortably on the marshes one hand and where one will sink into muddy ground so deep on the other hand. The combination of these features provides for the desired conducive environment of the animals living in marshes. Since some cannot live submerged on the sal ty waters of the marshes, they find refuge on the hard ground comprised of the marshes with the rooting system. The rest lives in the muddy ground, which is conducive for their survival. The greatest influence on the environmental surrounding of the marshes has been artificial rather than natural. Because of human activities, the nature of the marshes environment has always fluctuated. The human activities such as building has damaged the wetlands surrounding of the marshes and caused pollution. Though these activities are considered valuable to man, they cause him more harm than good. In their natural setting, the marshes are more beneficial to man than the subsequent converted forms. The marshes benefit both the fishermen at the sea and the

Wounded Knee:The Ties of Religion and Violence Essay -- Indian Religio

Wounded Knee: The Ties of Religion and Violence On the morning of December 29, 1890, many Sioux Indians (estimated at above two hundred) died at the hands of the United States Army near Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Reservation. The Indians were followers of the Ghost Dance religion, devised by Wovoka, a Paiute prophet, as a spiritual outlet for Indian repression by whites. The United States Army set out to intercept this group of Native Americans because they performed the controversial Ghost Dance. Both whites’ and the Sioux’s misunderstanding of an originally peaceful Indian religion culminated in the Battle of Wounded Knee. This essay first shows how the Ghost Dance came about, its later adaptation by the Sioux, and whites’ fear and misunderstanding of the Dance, then it appraises the U.S. military’s conduct during the conflict, and American newspaper coverage of events at Wounded Knee. The Ghost Dance prophet Wovoka was born in 1865 into the Paiute tribe of Nevada. In his early twenties, Wovoka experienced a significant tuning point in his life when he recovered from a coma at the same time of a solar eclipse (Hittman 17). He had been deathly ill with a severe fever that sent him into a coma. After recovering, Wovoka spoke of being transported to the spirit world and of speaking with the Great Spirit. Wovoka felt he had been given special powers and sought to help the Indian population. Also known as Jack Wilson, Wovoka endured to unite the Indian nations with a message of patience, kindness, and love. The Indians desperately needed hope and guidance in a time of great depression and anguish. The Indians had been uprooted from their natural homes by the encroachment of white settlers on their lands. The con... ..., Call No. F96.A3795 Last Days of the Sioux Nation, Robert M. Utley, 1961 (ch. 11 & 12 contained in WKPub; all pg numbers are in reference to that appearance) â€Å"Some Phases of the Recent Indian War.† Cited from Kerstetter, â€Å"Spin Doctors at Santee: Missionaries and the Dakota-Language Reporting of the Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee.† Western Historical Quarterly 1997 New York Times, â€Å"A Fight with the Hostiles.† December 30, 1890 p.1 c.4 New York Tribune, â€Å"Fighting at Pine Ridge.† January 1, 1891 p.1 c.3 â€Å"The agent further states that Sitting Bull is high priest and leading apostle of this latest Indian absurdity.† - R.V. Belt, Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Oct. 24, 1890. â€Å"If he fights, destroy him.† - Fayette W. Roe, 1st Lieut. 3d Infty, A.D.C., in a letter to Maj. Whitside of the 7th Calvary, in reference to the Miniconjous chief Big Foot.

Meaning of Life and Br Essay

Fabio Moon and Gabriel Ba illustrated a story through comics that represent different moods and feelings in a series titled Daytripper. Comic books are a form of art, and they provide the reader with a broad spectrum of topics. Artist express the world through colors, symbols, and themes to show feelings, thoughts, and ideas and this can be done through various forms of art, which includes comic books. The illustrations in comic books help to convey the meaning of the story. In Daytripper, Moon and Ba describe Bras de Oliva Domingo’s life and how choices produce outcomes both good and bad. At a young age Bras believes that anything is possible, and one never knows what is in store for him at the end. His philosophy in life are the same principles as in fishing as one casts a line the excitement builds because one never knows what is on the end of the line. Water is reoccurring in the story, and it symbolizes Bras de Oliva Domingo’s struggles to stay above water through his sea of memories of his life. In the beginning, Bras feels there are no boundaries and one can explore as many opportunities life has to offer. Life’s daily decisions shape the outcomes both good and bad. The purpose is to learn from one’s past decisions and make changes improve our relationships and to be content with our lives in the end. The main character has ample opportunity to make changes along his journey for he experiences death at each phase of his life. Bras discovers endless possibilities from the seas from Iemanja, the spirit of the waters, in a dream they are riding in a boat through rough seas being tossed around with baskets that represent wishes and desires. Moon and Ba illustrate how in Bras dreams his life’s goals are laid out as he wishes. Just as water flows in and out, Bras dreams come in and out each night in his sleep. Bras flows through life just like water flows in and out never knowing where it will end up. Rougher waves represent new opportunities that continuously arise, but if one waits to long to take advantage of the opportunity then the waves may carry away the opportunity. As waves are continuously moving new chances will be present time and time again. Bras misses many opportunities because he is not willing â€Å"to go after his dreams† (203). His dreams tell him time is running out, and he needs to make the most of his opportunities. Each dream ends with â€Å"wake up before it’s too late† (203). Bras dreams about his possibilities and wishes he could take a chance to change his life, but he never does. Bras is just an observer in his dreams watching as the water passes by carrying the baskets. The dark colors and spirit of the waters are a main part of the artwork in the comic. Bras has responsibilities to his job and his wife, and he is content with both just cruising through each day. His life is similar to the ocean how the waves move along to the shore and effortlessly move back out to sea. He learns lessons along the way which he has no control and finds his wife frustrated with him from living a content and everyday life. Illustrations show water running full blast when they are not doing dishes or running any water. She later clinches the sink that is overflowing with water because Bras does not understand their life has joy and love. She wants her life to be less stressful so that the sink will stop overflowing. Just by Bras listening to his wife the water pressure will lessen, and the sink will not fill as quickly. Bras turns a deaf ear and does not listen, and the water just flows over the kitchen sink onto the floor. The overflow of water represents her stress, and he comes to realize he can help decrease the stress by making a few simple changes. She keeps trying to explain to him she cannot do it all on her own while he just sits there and listens. The overflow of water represents the burdens she feels by their life and needs Bras help to alleviate some of the daily pressures from her. As she pours him tea, the water flows up to the dining room table, and he finally understands her frustration over his laziness. At this point, Bras realizes by helping his family they will not be so overwhelmed and the water will stop overflowing. Just as the seas calm at times, Bras too feels tranquility at the end of his life. One late night he steps in the ocean and stares at the sky as it changes from dark and ordinary to a burst of stars symbolizing the calmness of the night. The peacefulness of the water helps Bras feel satisfied with his life. He feels at peace with his relationships with his dad, wife, and son. He smiles as he looks out on the calm ocean accepting his final destiny to be swept away by the sea. He stands in the water thinking for a long time accepting his fate, and the calm water represents he is at harmony with his life. The reader is left to complete his fate, which may just be Bras swimming out as far as he can until he the water carries him out to sea. The story connects water and life as a cycle that is continuously flowing. Water represents constant change just as one’s life changes through the years. Psychiatrists have used water for years as a representation of one’s mind because the deeper you go the more problems one may see. The ocean represents power and strength and people have the same characteristics. Every day we make choices and some outcomes can be predicted and others cannot. The beauty of the ocean is the unknown and change and how the meaning relates to life. One can change their behavior and possibly the outcome may change. It all is part of the cycle of life. Works Cited Moon, Fabio and Gabriel Ba. Daytripper. New York: DC Comics, 2011.

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1145 Words

Who is to blame? In the novel, The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, Abigail, the antagonist in the book is to blame for all the events that occur because she was the one that first dabbled with witchcraft. In that time period, witchcraft was thought of as a sin, and if somebody was accused, they would be hung unless they confessed. She would be categorized as an instigator of her society since she played with witchcraft, and accused others, which would be hung if they didn’t confess. Many events in her past and present influence this behavior, and many problems occur because of her impact on the community. Abigail’s affair with John Proctor, her association with witchcraft and her accusation of others causes her to be blamed for the Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts. The complication that initiated Abigail to start the Salem Witch Trials was her affair with John Proctor. Abigail worked as a maid for the Proctors, John and his wife, Elizabeth; it came to be known by Elizabeth that John and Abigail had an affair. As said by Elizabeth in act III on page 113 of The Crucible, â€Å"I came to think he fancied her. And so one night I lost my wits, I think, and put her out on the highroad.† Elizabeth decided to discharge her from the house. Abigail went to live with her uncle, Parris, in Salem. After this event in the novel, Abigail despises Elizabeth, and wants revenge on her. John went to Salem after he heard about the witch findings; Abigail caught up to him in private andShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. 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The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces